Ncert exemplar problems class 11 biology pdf download.NCERT Exemplar Problems Class 11 Biology in PDF for
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Ncert exemplar problems class 11 biology pdf download.NCERT Exemplar Solution for Class 11 Biology Chapter 11 | Download PDF here
Water is indispensable for life. What properties of water make it useful for all biological processes on the earth? Viscosity is the resistance of a fluid to flowing water. This decreases its density and making ice float. How are the intracellular levels of ions maintained higher than extracellular levels in animal cells? This is how via the pumps, ion concentration is maintained higher intracellularly than in the extracellular region.
Cut pieces of beetroot do not leave colour in cold water but do so in hot water. Beetroot loses colour only when it is placed in hot water as the plasma membrane of the cells denatures at high temperature. In a girdled plant, when water is supplied to the leaves above the girdle, leaves may remain green for some time then wilt and ultimately die. What does it indicate? In a girdled plant, when water is supplied to the leaves above the girdle, leaves may remain green for some time because leaves have the capability of synthesizing their food by photosynthesis using water and CO2 from the air.
Various types of transport mechanisms are needed to fulfil the mineral requirements of a plant. Why are they not fulfilled by diffusion alone? Plants also require mineral nutrients and charged ions like potassium, sodium, etc. How can plants be grown under limited water supply without compromising on metabolic activities?
Plants usually shrink when the rate of transpiration exceeds the rate of absorption of water by roots. So if we use anti-transpirants like Abscisic acid then it checks the rate of transpiration. Will the ascent of sap be possible without the cohesion and adhesion of the water molecules? The continuous water column in the xylem vessels for the sap ascent is maintained by the adhesive and the cohesive forces of water. Absence of which would have led to cavitation of xylem vessels or breakage of the water column or the sap movement upwards.
Keep some freshly cut flowers in a solution of food colour. Wait for some time for the dye to rise in the flower, when the stem of the flower is held up in light, coloured strands can be seen inside. Can this experiment demonstrate which tissue is conducting water up the stem? This experiment can demonstrate which tissue is conducting water up the stem. Coloured strands are indicative that the food colour has been conducted upwards through a conducting vessel which is the xylem.
If the filament is replaced in distilled water, then the protoplasm again becomes turgid as water flows in as the shrunken protoplasm swells up or gets deplasmolysed. The dissolution or diffusion of the solid crystal of sugar does not occur since the number of striking water molecules is less when water is ice cold. Salt is applied to tennis lawns to kill weeds. How does salting tennis lawns help in the killing of weeds without affecting the grass?
The salt solution being hypertonic causes exo-osmosis in plants. Phloem sap: traces of minerals, water, sucrose and amino acids In some species, it also transports fructose or raffinose etc. Tube B shows higher water rise than tube A because the surface area is less in the narrow tube or tube B due to which the surface tension is more in that so the level of rising of water is more in that as well.
Aquaporins are a kind of membrane proteins that form channels in the membrane and are usually facilitating the transport of water between cells. Presence of aquaporins would increase the rate of osmosis thus facilitating it. We know that plants are harmed by excess water. But plants survive under flooded condition. How are they able to manage excess water? There is a deprivation of oxygen in the plant roots causing an anaerobic condition.
Thus aeration is affected. Diffusion is the movement of substances from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration. Diffusion occurs through phospholipid layer and facilitated diffusion occurs through membrane proteins. In , Munch proposed the mass flow hypothesis which explains the movement of sap through the phloem. When there is a high concentration of sugar present in the source which is where the food is prepared then a diffusion gradient gets created between the sugar source and the sugar shrink where the sugar is stored.
This is responsible for drawing water into the cells from the neighbouring xylem. When this happens, turgor pressure gets created bidirectional movement. Whereas for monocots, it is usually dumble-shaped.
Uniport: When a single substance moves in a single direction across a cell membrane, it is called uniport. Antiport: When two substances move in the opposite direction across a cell membrane, it is called antiport. Symport: When two substances move in the same direction across a cell membrane, it is called symport.
Minerals are present in the soil in sufficient amounts. Do plants need to adjust the types of solutes that reach the xylem? Which molecules help to adjust this? How do plants regulate the type and quantity of solutes that reach xylem?
Yes, plants need to adjust the type and quantity of solutes that reach the xylem. Every organism is identified by genes, present on chromosomes.
Peculiarity of the organism belonging to a species also depends on genes. Genes are chemically composed of De-oxyribose Nucleic Acid and control the inheritance of characters from one generation to another. What organisms are and how do they interact with the environment depend on genes.
These structures are also responsible for the stability of a species. Thus, the study of inheritance of characters and related phenomenon is known as Genetics. Today, this branch of biology is being applied from human welfare. It is utilised to produce better crops, animals and to utilize microbes for the use of mankind.
Using the principles of Genetics, it is practically possible that man can introduce desirable characters and remove undesirable characters in an organism. This special branch of genetics is called as Genetic Engineering.
Ventricle Systole 0. Complete Ventricular Systole: After ventricular contraction, the blood flows into the pulmonary trunk and aorta as the semilunar valves are opened.
Complete Ventricular Diastole: The opening of bicuspid and tricuspid valves take place as the pressure of ventricles lowers down and blood flows from atria to the ventricles. Explain different types of blood groups and donor compatibility by making a table. There are two types of hypertension. One is primary hypertension and the other one is secondary hypertension. Former is the Idiopathic Hypertension because the specific cause of the increased blood pressure is not known and the latter is the type of hypertension with a known cause.
Coronary Artery Disease in which the arterial lumen get narrowed due to the buildup of fats and cholesterol which decreases the supply of oxygen to the body organs. It may also lead to the damaging of heart muscles. It is caused by smoking, obesity or can be hereditary. It can be prevented by regular exercise, eating healthy.
Body fluids and Circulation talks about the different fluids present in the body and how the circulation of these different fluids is important to distribute to various body parts. The system that is responsible for circulation is termed as the circulatory system, which is also known as the cardiovascular system. The heart is the major organ involved in pumping out blood throughout the body. These materials include detailed solutions for all the questions in Class 11 Biology Chapter Body Fluids and Circulation.
Your Mobile number and Email id will not be published. Post Comment. Lymphatic System B. Pulmonary vein C. Thrombocytes D. Lymphocytes iv. Column II i. Carries oxygenated blood ii. Immune Response iii.
To drain back the tissue fluid to the circulatory system iv. Coagulation of blood. Did not receive OTP? Register For Free. Share Share Share Call Us. Download Now. Maths Exemplar Class 10 Solved. Exemplar Problems Chemistry Class Xi.
{Latest Edition} NCERT Exemplar Class 11 Biology Book PDF Download.NCERT Exemplar Problems Class 11 Biology
The vascular connection that exists between the digestive tract and liver is known as Hepatic Portal System. Given below are the abnormal conditions related to blood circulation. Name the disorders. The disorder caused due to acute chest pain due to failure of O2 supply to heart muscles is known as angina pectoris. Which coronary artery disease is caused due to narrowing of the lumen of arteries?
Atherosclerosis is the coronary artery disease is caused due to narrowing of the lumen of arteries. Purkinje fibre: It is present in the Myocardium of the ventricle and is formed by the branching of the right and left bundle. It carries impulses from S. A node. Bundle of His: These are fibres which originate from the AV node present in the wall of the right atrium. Neutrophils are phagocytic and these are the first cell which reaches the site and engulf the microbes when an infection occurs.
Erythroblastosis foetalis occurs due to Rh incompatibility between the mother and the foetus during pregnancy which may lead to the death of the foetus or severe Anaemia. If blood clotting does not take place excessive bleeding would take place which might lead to death. What is the significance of the time gap in the passage of action potential from the sino-atrial node to the ventricle?
It allows relaxation to the ventricles. This causes ventricular pressure to fall leading to the closure of semilunar valves which prevents the backflow of blood into the ventricles. The normal duration of the QRS complex is less than or equal to 0.
If the QRS complex is longer than 0. Ventricles function as a pumping agent of blood to all organs so that they have to exert more pressure.
The atria receive blood so they have fewer loads to take, hence thinner walls. Blood is a part of our circulatory system which is red due to the presence of haemoglobin whereas lymph is a part of our lymphatic system which is colourless due to the absence of haemoglobin. Basophils are bean-shaped nucleus stained with basic dye whereas the eosinophil is two-lobed nuclei which are stained with acidic dyes. The tricuspid valve is formed by three flaps and it guards the opening between atrium and right ventricle whereas the bicuspid valve is formed by two flaps which it opens between the left atrium and left ventricle.
Anaemia is a disorder that occurs due to the lesser count of RBC or a reduced amount of haemoglobin than the normal value. Angina Pectoris is caused when adequate oxygen does not reach the heart muscles leading to chest pain and discomfort. Heart failure is a serious condition when the heart fails to pump enough blood to meet the requirements. Explain the advantage of the complete partition of ventricle among birds and mammals and hence leading to double circulation.
In birds and animals, the two ventricles are separated by the inter-ventricular septum. Oxygenated blood received by the left atria passes to the left ventricle and Deoxygenated blood received by the right atria passes to the right ventricle without getting mixed. Deoxygenated and oxygenated blood remains separated and do not mix.
What is the significance of the hepatic portal system in the circulatory system? The hepatic portal system directs deoxygenated blood from the parts of the gastrointestinal tract to the liver and finally taking it to the heart. This provides the liver with metabolic substrates. The fluid lymph carries hormones and nutrients and also maintains a fluid balance between blood and tissues.
The fat absorption takes place through the lymph. Plasma is a liquid form of blood which does not have cells and is treated with EDTA like anticoagulant whereas serum is a liquid form of blood after coagulation.
In an open circulatory system, the blood flows through large vessels into sinuses whereas in the closed circulatory system the blood flows through a closed network of blood vessels. Sino-atrial node is present in the right atrium near the opening of superior vena cava whereas the atria-ventricular node is present in the right atrium near the base of the interatrial septum.
They are also known as platelets which are found in the blood. Thrombocytes are formed in the bone marrow. For example, when an injury occurs, the bleeding starts and platelets will disintegrate. They release clotting factor III known as thromboplastin. Thromboplastin in the presence of calcium ions activates prothrombokinase and leads to a series of reactions causing a blood clot.
Which part of the heart is responsible for initiating and maintaining its rhythmic activity? Reptilians have a three-chambered heart 2 atria and 1 ventricle whereas crocodiles have a four-chambered heart 2 atria and 2 ventricles in which the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood does not take place. There are many blood groups which are known mainly.
There is another type of blood group known as Rh factor or Rhesus monkey factor which is an inherited factor. People who do not have Rh factor are called Rh-negative people Rh-ve. How do they reach the parts where they are needed most? Do all the parts of the plant get the same amount of the minerals?
Minerals are taken by the roots from the soil and are transported to various parts of the plants wherever needed via the xylem vessels. The mineral requirement is not the same for all plants and neither for all plant parts so all the parts of the plants do not get the same amount of minerals. If one wants to find minerals and in the form, they are mobilised in the plant, how will an analysis of the exudate help? From your knowledge of physiology can you think of some method of increasing the life of cut plants in a vase?
Using a plant growth hormone called cytokinins that help delay senescence or ageing of plant parts. Placing the cut stem immersed in water in the vase to not allow water cavitation to occur by air. Do different species of plants growing in the same area show the same rate of transpiration at a particular time?
Justify your answer. The rate of transpiration also depends on internal factors like the morphological characteristics of a plant. For eg: Leaf area, the thickness of cuticle.
Water is indispensable for life. What properties of water make it useful for all biological processes on the earth? Viscosity is the resistance of a fluid to flowing water. This decreases its density and making ice float.
How are the intracellular levels of ions maintained higher than extracellular levels in animal cells? This is how via the pumps, ion concentration is maintained higher intracellularly than in the extracellular region. Cut pieces of beetroot do not leave colour in cold water but do so in hot water. Beetroot loses colour only when it is placed in hot water as the plasma membrane of the cells denatures at high temperature. In a girdled plant, when water is supplied to the leaves above the girdle, leaves may remain green for some time then wilt and ultimately die.
What does it indicate? In a girdled plant, when water is supplied to the leaves above the girdle, leaves may remain green for some time because leaves have the capability of synthesizing their food by photosynthesis using water and CO2 from the air. Various types of transport mechanisms are needed to fulfil the mineral requirements of a plant. Why are they not fulfilled by diffusion alone? Plants also require mineral nutrients and charged ions like potassium, sodium, etc. How can plants be grown under limited water supply without compromising on metabolic activities?
Plants usually shrink when the rate of transpiration exceeds the rate of absorption of water by roots. So if we use anti-transpirants like Abscisic acid then it checks the rate of transpiration.
Will the ascent of sap be possible without the cohesion and adhesion of the water molecules? The continuous water column in the xylem vessels for the sap ascent is maintained by the adhesive and the cohesive forces of water. Absence of which would have led to cavitation of xylem vessels or breakage of the water column or the sap movement upwards.
Keep some freshly cut flowers in a solution of food colour. Wait for some time for the dye to rise in the flower, when the stem of the flower is held up in light, coloured strands can be seen inside.
Can this experiment demonstrate which tissue is conducting water up the stem? This experiment can demonstrate which tissue is conducting water up the stem. Coloured strands are indicative that the food colour has been conducted upwards through a conducting vessel which is the xylem.
If the filament is replaced in distilled water, then the protoplasm again becomes turgid as water flows in as the shrunken protoplasm swells up or gets deplasmolysed. The dissolution or diffusion of the solid crystal of sugar does not occur since the number of striking water molecules is less when water is ice cold.
Salt is applied to tennis lawns to kill weeds. How does salting tennis lawns help in the killing of weeds without affecting the grass? The salt solution being hypertonic causes exo-osmosis in plants.
Phloem sap: traces of minerals, water, sucrose and amino acids In some species, it also transports fructose or raffinose etc. Tube B shows higher water rise than tube A because the surface area is less in the narrow tube or tube B due to which the surface tension is more in that so the level of rising of water is more in that as well.
Aquaporins are a kind of membrane proteins that form channels in the membrane and are usually facilitating the transport of water between cells.
Presence of aquaporins would increase the rate of osmosis thus facilitating it. We know that plants are harmed by excess water. But plants survive under flooded condition. How are they able to manage excess water? There is a deprivation of oxygen in the plant roots causing an anaerobic condition.
Thus aeration is affected. Diffusion is the movement of substances from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration. Diffusion occurs through phospholipid layer and facilitated diffusion occurs through membrane proteins. In , Munch proposed the mass flow hypothesis which explains the movement of sap through the phloem. When there is a high concentration of sugar present in the source which is where the food is prepared then a diffusion gradient gets created between the sugar source and the sugar shrink where the sugar is stored.
This is responsible for drawing water into the cells from the neighbouring xylem. When this happens, turgor pressure gets created bidirectional movement.
Whereas for monocots, it is usually dumble-shaped. Uniport: When a single substance moves in a single direction across a cell membrane, it is called uniport.
Antiport: When two substances move in the opposite direction across a cell membrane, it is called antiport. Symport: When two substances move in the same direction across a cell membrane, it is called symport.
Minerals are present in the soil in sufficient amounts. Do plants need to adjust the types of solutes that reach the xylem? Which molecules help to adjust this? How do plants regulate the type and quantity of solutes that reach xylem?
Yes, plants need to adjust the type and quantity of solutes that reach the xylem. The transport proteins of end dermal cell help in maintaining and adjusting solute movement. Mineral ions are frequently remobilised particularly from older senescing parts.
Older dying leaves export much of their mineral content to younger leaves. Similarly, before leaf fall in deciduous plants, minerals are removed to other parts. Elements most readily mobilised are phosphorus, sulphur, nitrogen and potassium. Some elements that are structural components like calcium are not remobilised.
Plants show temporary and permanent wilting. Differentiate between the two. Do any of them indicate the water status of the soil? In temporary wilting, plants lose turgidity when the rate of transpiration is more than the rate of water absorption from the soil but in permanent wilting, wilting of the plant occurs and is a permanent phenomenon as the soil is unable to meet the water requirement of the plant.
Natural membranes like the cell membrane are selectively permeable, which means that it allows only certain molecules to get in or go out of the cell. Example of a cell membrane is where it allows only non-polar and small molecules through the lipid bilayer along the concentration gradient. Halophytes may show cell pressure very much higher than atmospheric pressure.
Explain how this can happen? Due to the higher concentration of salt, their cell cytoplasm is hypertonic causing water from the surrounding cells or region to enter the cell cytoplasm. The pressure exerted by the cell will be higher.
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